node-red-contrib-pengines
This is a palette module for IBM's flow language node-red that allows querying a SWI-Prolog pengines server.
Why would I want to?
Quite often in the world of IoT, devices, and online connections that are common to node-red, you may need to do some reasoning about what to do next. If so, Prolog is a great way to do the reasoning.
SWI-prolog has a facility, pengines, that allows one to submit a prolog query to a running instance of SWI-Prolog and obtain a sequence of answers.
What do you need to know to use node-red-pengines ?d
You do not need to be an expert in Prolog. The section below should teach you enough to make basic Pengines queries.
You do need to know node-red, obviously.
Installation
You will need a working install of node-red, obviously.
Install the package:
cd ~/.node-red/ (cd c:\Users\<userame>\.node-red\ on windows)
npm install node-red-contrib-pengines
Understanding node-red-pengines
node-red-penginges is a thin wrapper around (the npm pengines package)[https://npm.runkit.com/pengines]. This in turn is a client for (Pengines)[http://pengines.swi-prolog.org/docs/index.html], and so use requires knowledge of the Pengines system, although only minimal understanding of pengines or of Prolog is sufficient to make basic queries.
This palette module supplies a single node type, pengine-rpc. It expects messages whose payload is a valid prolog query, and returns messages that are the answers to that query.
Node Settings
Server
Typically this would be http://mycompany.com/pengine.
If you use localhost, you'll have issues because it will be promoted to https by node, and then not like the lack of cert or self signed cert. You can avoid this by using your external ip address, eg on my computer http://localhost:5000/pengine has this issue, but http://192.168.254.47/pengine works.
This seems to work ok on Windows.
Making a local pengines server
You'll need a reasonably recent version of SWI-Prolog (7.4.0 or up should be fine.)
swipl ?-doc_server(5000). ?- doc_server(5000). % Started server at http://localhost:5000/ true.
?- use_module(library(pengines)).
true.
You should now have a pengines server on port 5000.
Chunk Size
If you know you are going to get many solutions you can turn the chunk size up and each pengine request will fetch that many results. On the other hand, if you are likely to only actually want the first one, you want the chunk size 1. Increasing chunk size commits to increased bandwidth and server load for the other solutions.
Extra Knowledge
Additional Prolog code to be added to the knowledgebase.
Template
If your query is something like foo(X, Y) you're going to want X and Y.
Template tells pengines how to assemble the bound variables into a string. So, if you make the
template X,"Y", and X is bound to 3, while Y is bound to 'Bob Smith', the message payload will
be 3,"Bob Smith".
Don't Know Prolog
If you don't know Prolog, you can do most basic queries with this introduction.
Atoms and Variables
Prolog is case sensitive. Variables start with an uppercase letter, so ThisIsAVariable.
All other identifiers are atoms, which either start
with a lowercase letter, and consist of letters, numbers, and underscore: this_is_an_atom,
or are enclosed in single quotes: '!Wow, also an atom!'. 'taxes' and taxes
are the same atom - the single quotes are optional here.
Queries
Most pengines queries are simply a call to a single predicate (sort of like a function in Prolog).
employee_info('Bob Smith', Position, Salary)
The results will bind Position and Salary to whatever's appropriate for Bob.
This means we can ask strange questions like
who has a salary of 85000.
employee_info(Name, Position, 85000)
It's up to the implementer on the Prolog side which of of these 'modes' are
actually implemented. You'll need to check with the documentation of the Prolog code.
A commonly used convention in the Prolog community is to write a + meaning the argument
must be supplied, a - to mean the predicate will fill it in, and ? to mean either is acceptable.
So, we can probably ask for any combination of arguments for employee_info. This would
be documented as employee_info(?, ?, ?).
Underscore
We really didn't ask for the position, we just wanted the name. So we can put an underscore in the second argument to say we're not interested in it.
employee_info(Name, _, 85000)
Strings
Notice that Bob's name is an atom. Prolog also has "real strings", and "codes strings". All get converted to js Strings.
Nondeterminism
Now, if we happen to have two Bob Smiths in the company? We'll get two messages. If there is no Bob Smith, we'll get no data. So sending the node a single message might result in zero, one, or many messages.
One tricky bit about this. Prolog returns all the ways it can 'prove' the employee info is true. This sometimes means it will return multiple copies of a single answer. If you need rows to be distinct, work with the Prolog programmer.
Limiting answers
I said above that most queries are a single predicate. An exception to that is that you might want to limit your query to a range. Here's how to do it.
(employee_info(Name, _, Salary), Salary > 85000, Salary =< 120000)
The commas mean 'and' in this context. You can use another predicate as well.
Say you have department(Name, Department) and want to find salaries of employees in
marketing, similar to an SQL join.
(employee_info(Name, _, Salary), department(Name, marketing))
Notice, as an aside, that marketing is an atom.
Contributors
If you make a PR, please update this section. Besides bragging rights, it's useful for maintainers who come after.
- Anne Ogborn (Anniepoo on github) - original code
- brianx - much advice, alpha testing
- Raivo Laanemets - NPM package